National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Effect of some Abiotic Factors on Growth, Glycerol and β-carotene Accumulation by Dunaliella bardawil559571271810.21608/ejbo.2016.2718ENJournal Article20150221
UNALIELLA bardawil
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">can produce and accumulate large amounts of glycerol and </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene in response to stress conditions. The effect of pH, salinity, light intensity and algal inocula as stress factors </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">on growth, β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene and glycerol production in </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">D. bardawil </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">was assessed in the present study. The growth profile showed linear relationship for chlorophyll a content, optical density measurements</span></span>and cell count with time up to the end of the experiment (42 days). The mean growth rate, relative growth rate and number of recycling reached their maximum values after 4 days of growth while generation time recorded the least value at the same time. <em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">D. bardawil </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">can grow in wide pH range (5.5-9.5) with maximum growth (chlorophyll a and cell count) and glycerol content at pH 7.5 wher</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">eas the best pH value for β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene production was 8.5. Increasing algal inoculum caused </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">significant increase in growth and β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene content while non significant increase in glycerol was observed. Regarding salinity stress, 4 M NaCl was the best concentration for glycerol production and 2.5 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">M NaCl for growth and β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene accumulation. High light stress (292.5 μE m</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">s</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">) enhanced β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="KO">carotene production and the ratio of β</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-carotene to chlorophyll a reached 1.59.</span></span>
https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2718_eb7d1b0bc363d9fa9412a8998b08a3cb.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Triticum aestivum Using the Coagulant Defatted Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina Seeds Powder.573594271910.21608/ejbo.2016.2719ENJournal Article20151227
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">THE PRESENT study explores the unexploited sorption ……..properties of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa oleifera </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lam (MO)and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa peregrina </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Foresk (MP) for decontamination of Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">at laboratory scale. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Triticum aestivum </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">plants were grown under Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">stress. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">seed powder (3 g/ kg soil) of both species were mixed with the soil before wheat sowing. After ten days, the Cd-concentrations were applied to the treated pots (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM). Plant samples were collected at 5 weeks post sowing to assess the growth traits and certain physiological parameters. Growth traits, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments were decreased under Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">stress. However, the application of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">seed powder can detoxify the toxic effect of cadmium acetate stress on the above parameters. The Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">stress increased the Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">contents in roots and shoots of wheat plants, but in the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">seed powder-treated plants under Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">stress revealed a reverse situation. Both </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">species can coagulate Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">from the soil by the presence of proteins having coagulation properties (MWts 64.5, 51.4, 41.2, 38.3, 27.9 and 18.9 KDa). The effect of MO seed powder in mitigating the adverse effect of Cd</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">stress on wheat plant was much pronounced than that of MP seed powder. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2719_8ec53f9634d621992506947b27b63de7.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Effect of Growth Regulators, Carbohydrates and Antioxidant Compounds on Biomass, Flavonoid Accumulation and Enzyme Activity in Callus Cultures of Rumex vesicarius L.595612272010.21608/ejbo.2016.2720ENJournal Article20151229IN THE PRESENT study, growth regulators, sugars and<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">.....</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">antioxidants were investigated for their effect on callus growth, flavonoid content as well as the activity of some related enzymes in callus culture of </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Rumex vesicarius</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">. The effect of Murashige and skoog media (MS) containing indole butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), or 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) on callus induction from cotyledonary leaf and hypocotyl explants was investigated. Results revealed that the highest callus biomass (fresh and dry weights) was obtained at 0.5 mg l</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">IBA using cotyledonary leaf explant. Both sucrose and fructose promoted a good callus dry mass, while the highest flavonoid content was enhanced with the medium supplemented with fructose. Citric acid was the best antioxidant in reducing the callus browning intensity and significantly inhibiting polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity by 13.7%. Citric acid also increased the callus dry weight by 26% and total flavonoid content by 67% over control. In conclusion, </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">in vitro </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">culturing of medicinal plant, </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Rumex vesicarius</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">, enables increase of the biomass production and the yield of its biologically active constituents.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2720_c76e72b4ccb93910796acdb6f907f9f5.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Antagonistic Effect of the Endophytic Bacteria and Against some Phytopathogens613626272110.21608/ejbo.2016.2721ENJournal Article20160117
ENDOPHYTIC bacteria have received a great attention because of their intimate and non-detrimental association with plants. They release an array of bioactive compounds that play important role in the biological control of various phytopathogens. A variety of endophytic bacteria was isolated from a range of plants gathered from Fayoum Government, Egypt. The antagonistic potentiality of the bacterial isolates was evaluated against a number of phytopathogens. A sharp antifungal activity was recorded with isolate H8 against<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Rhizoctonia solani </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pythium ultimum </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">while elevated antagonistic potentiality was evidenced with isolate H18 against </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Erwinia carotovora </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Rhizoctonia solani</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. Simultaneously, the isolate H40 demonstrated remarkable inhibitory influence against </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Erwinia carotovora </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Fusarium solani</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. Using 16S ribosomal DNA technique, the bacterial isolates were identified as </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">, </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus subtilis, </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. In conclusion, the bacterial strains </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">S. maltophilia </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(H8), </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">B. subtilis </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(H18) and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">P. aeruginosa </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(H40) could be used as biological agents against wide range of phytopathogens.</span></span>
https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2721_4c7e058be3661f7cfc71548e1288ffa2.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Exogenous Application of Trehalose Improves the Physiological Status of Wheat cv. Giza 168 grown under Stress627646272210.21608/ejbo.2016.2722ENJournal Article20160118 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">RESPONSE of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Triticum aestivum </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(cv. Giza 168) to drought ……...stress and the application, of the inevitable protective effect of exogenous application of trehalose was investigated. Drought reduced the plant growth parameters (dry weights, area of leaves) and photosynthetic pigments. Conversely, drought caused an increase in the levels of proline, lipid peroxidation, peroxidases and endogenous trehalose. The levels of endogenous IAA and GA</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">3 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">were decreased in drought-stressed plants, however the level of ABA was increased by more than 3-fold of control plants. Specific activity of trehalose -6- phosphate synthase, which is one of the two enzymes that participates in synthesizing trehalose in plants by the production of trehalose-6-phosphate; was increased by 3-fold of control in root of the drought-stressed plants. On the other hand, the specific activity of trehalase was drastically decreased. Pre-treatment of wheat plant with 40 mM trehalose -by irrigation- improved the above mentioned morphological and physiological parameters to retained them almost near the control. Thus, pre-treatment with 40 mM trehalose alleviated the harmful effect of drought stress on the test wheat cultivar. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2722_cafd8a2fb5b177fe2a01d4f88fae52cf.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Response of Moringa oleifera Callus and Plantlets to Mannitol-induced Drought Stress.647668272310.21608/ejbo.2016.2723ENJournal Article20160124IN THIS work, we generated callus and micropropagated plants from<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa oleifera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">to evaluate their response to drought stress induced by different concentrations of mannitol. Mannitol-induced drought stress caused a reduction shoot and root length as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots in micropropagated plants. In addition, chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoids contents were reduced. Such a reduction was concomitant with increases in soluble sugars, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (ASA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total phenols content in both callus and micropropagated plants. Moreover, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased in micropropagated plants parallel with decreases in peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ascorbate oxidase (ASO) activities. On the other hand, the activities of CAT, SOD, POX, PPO, ASO increased in callus coupled with a decrease in APX. Our data indicated that micropropagated plants are more sensitive to drought stress, compared to callus as evidenced by greater accumulation of MDA while callus accumulated more soluble sugar, proline, GSH and total phenols than micropropagated plants.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2723_eb9dff8ec73ba3242a170f04dca4ce78.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930On the Fossil Wood Flora of Wadi Ankebieh, Egypt, with Two New Records679692272410.21608/ejbo.2016.2724ENJournal Article20160214TWO FOSSIL dicot wood species (<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Dichrostachyoxylon royaderum</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-Fabaceae and </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Ficoxylon cretaceum</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-Moraceae) are reported and described for the first time from the Oligocene of Wadi Ankebieh in Egypt. Comments are made on the distribution of the fossil wood flora of Wadi Ankebieh in Egypt, other African countries, the world and on the palaeoclimate under which the trees had lived.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2724_669879366923764487f1da1a23169c0c.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Computer-generated Conventional Key as a Tool of Commercial Evaluation of Some Mango Cultivars (Mangifera indica L.) in Saudi Arabia693706272510.21608/ejbo.2016.2725ENJournal Article20160118 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">ACCUMULATION of annual intra- and inter-cultivar variation in …….diagnostic attributes of the dioecious mango (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Mangifera indica</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">) fruit trees render the accurate identification of such cultivars beset with problems and uncertainty. To overcome these problems, a data matrix was compiled to incorporate comparative observations on 34 characters of the fruits of 14 cultivars of mango (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Mangifera indica </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">L.) collected from Jazan region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. The set of characters was analyzed under the key-generating patch of computer programs DELTA. Detailed and item descriptions of all characters of each cultivar as produced by the programs are provided. The key serves the purpose of accurate identification of the cultivars and the detailed descriptions provide an easy means of confirming the identification. The inherent flexibility of key-generating computer programs allows for the periodic revision and updating of the key and the descriptions of cultivars as well as its expansion to accommodate additional taxa and/or characters. Correct identification of a cultivar is of vital economic importance because it is the most essential element in determining its market value and, consequently, its profitability. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2725_2a231bce6c4997754a40295f60b2e5e2.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Expression, Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Histidine-tagged L-asparaginase II707722272810.21608/ejbo.2016.2728ENJournal Article20160217 <em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ESCHERICHIA coli </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">has two L-asparaginase isozymes that have ..... been designated L-asparaginase I and L-asparaginase II. The amino acid sequences of both are rather dissimilar except for a few regions of significant homology. The sequence corresponding to the mature (</span></span><em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ansB</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">) was subcloned into pQE-30 expression vector and expressed in </span></span><em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">E. coli </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">M15. The recombinant histidine-tagged (</span></span><em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ansB</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">) was purified to homogeneity by Ni–NTA affinity chromatography and displayed a single 36.0 kDa band on SDS-PAGE. Results revealed that the recombinant His-tagged L-ASNase II was expressed in an active form and its specific activity was estimated to be 286 U/mg. The optimum temperature was attained at 40°C. The enzyme was maximum at pH 7-8. Also the enzyme was stable at 40-50°C. The purified functional enzyme exhibited a specific activity at 286 U/mg and inhibited the growth of human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60) with IC</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">50 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">value of 0.14±0.03 U/ml. </span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2728_a538b321b99b3128d62c5c34aad8e67e.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930The First Record of Fossil Rubiaceae Wood from Egypt723732273010.21608/ejbo.2016.2730ENJournal Article20160403 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">AFOSSIL dicot wood specimen is described from the lower ............Miocene of Gebel El-Khashab Formation in the west of Giza Pyramids, Egypt. Anatomical characters suggest affinities with Rubiaceae. Comment is given on the distribution of Rubiaceae fossil wood in the world particularly Africa. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2730_dfeee426d97c112858bc0d2e2d04aa2e.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Biodiesel Production from Agricultural and Agroindustrial Wastes by Fusarium oxysporum733751273110.21608/ejbo.2016.2731ENJournal Article20150105THE AIM of the current investigation was to study biodiesel production by<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Fusarium oxysporum </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">AUMC 3224 cultured on two types of agricultural wastes , the first one called el-ghasheem and the second was wheat straw. In the case of el-ghasheem medium, the maximum lipid production was attained with 125 gl</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">ghasheem concentration and 0.1 gl</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">NaNO</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">for 7 days, at pH 5.5 and temperature 28°C. Maximum lipid yield was 1.558±0.003 gl</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">lipid weight and 32.44±0.035% lipid percentage. In the case of wheat straw, the maximum lipid production was achieved with 5 g wheat straw, 50 ml of 2 gl</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">NaNO</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">, for 14 days, at 28°C. Maximum lipid yield was 0.45±0.005 g/L lipid weight and 28.81±0.305 % lipid percentage. The profile of extracted lipids from </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">F.oxysporum </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) indicating the presence of triglycerides and after transesterification of lipids showed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. The fatty acids profiles were also determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detector and GC-mass spectroscopy. Data revealed the presence of significant amounts of palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic and other methyl esters.The results showed that lipids from </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">F.oxysporum </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">was a potential alternative resource for biodiesel production.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2731_e83ba4624f0588400ac38afdad753747.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Optimization and Statistical Evaluation of Medium Components Affecting Crude Oil Biodegradation by Some Locally Isolated Bacteria753767273310.21608/ejbo.2016.2733ENJournal Article20170502 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">TOWARDS an efficient crude oil bioremediation, optimization ……..and statistical evaluation of medium components for four local bacterial isolates were investigated. Morphological and biochemical analysis identified the most active species as </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus licheniformis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus sphaericus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus brevis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis identified the most potent isolate as </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">KH6 and was submitted to GenBank under the accession number (KM194714). Preliminary experiments of crude oil degradation revealed that the four bacterial species, gave the highest total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency after 15 days incubation in the presence of crude oil as a carbon source at 35°C, and pH 7.5. Statistical medium optimization on the biodegradation efficiency using Plackett-Burman design showed that decreasing in crude oil concentration was significant for maximum biodegradation efficiency for the isolates. While, the increase in Fe</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">SO</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and MgSO</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.7H</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">O factors resulted in an elevation in the TPH removal efficiency for </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus sphaericus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus brevis, </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">respectively. The optimized media achieved by statistical design raised the removal efficiency for the four isolates, reaching 1.13 times higher than that of the control medium for </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">KH6. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2733_5595fdf072abe257ddfc76c9a2aaeb17.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Characterization of a Novel Specific Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Targeted to Envelope Protein E1/E2 of Hepatitis C Virus669677273410.21608/ejbo.2016.2734ENJournal Article20160207 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">HEPATITIS C virus has been proven to be a major disease over …….. the world and widely present in Egypt. The aim of this study was to propagate, characterize and test the reactivity of the hybridoma cell line (7G9) which produces a novel mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) targeting HCV E1/E2 envelope protein. The propagation of this hybridoma cell line (7G9) was generated using standard hybridoma technology. Isotyping of the generated mouse antibody was done by commercial ELISA kit. The reactivity of (7G9) was assessed by ELISA plates coated by HCV E1/E2 derived from cell lysate transfected by plasmid expressed HCV E1/E2. The generated monoclonal antibody (7G9) was found to be an IgM antibody with a kappa light chain. ELISA showed that (7G9) reacted with cell lysate expressed HCV E1/E2 and (7G9) presented no cross-reactivity with different antigens such as </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Brucella abortus</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Salmonella typhi </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) antigens. ELISA revealed high reactivity of (7G9) with HCV E1 (a.a. 315-323) antigen. Thus, the mouse monoclonal antibody (7G9) can be used for immunodiagnosis of HCV infection by detection of HCV E1/E2 antigens. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2734_b5f0d6994a2a138b1bbbf3fa314c6421.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Isolation, Characterization and Bioactivities of Soil actinomycetes From the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Saint Katherine769783377410.21608/ejbo.2016.3774ENJournal Article20160426 S<span style="font-size: xx-small;">OIL ACTINOMYCETES were isolated from 10 different sites …….. in the World Heritage Site (WHS) of St. Katherine: Wadi El Deer, City center, Wadi El Talaa, Wadi El sheikh, Wadi El Arbean, Wadi El sheikh Awad, Wadi El Rutg, Om Kaisoum, Wadi Gebal, Gabal El Monagah. Simplified methods for isolation and characterization of actinomycetes recovered are described. Successful recovery was achieved on the media (S.C, 1/10 S.C and MGA). A total of 359 isolates were obtained and identified according to the standard macroscopic, microscopic as well as chemotaxonomy methods. A high percentage was obtained for </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Streptomyces, Nocardoides, Kitasatosporia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">spp. and unidentified spp., representing 30.4, 23.7, 11.4 and 29.3 %, respectively. The metabolic extracts from 250 randomly selected isolates exhibited various antimicrobial activities towards one reference culture (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">E. coli </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">NCMB 11943) and two clinical cultures (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Candida albicans</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">). Variable activities were obtained with different actinomycete isolates; the highest activity was against the Gram +ve </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, followed by </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Candida albicans </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and the Gram -ve </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Escherichia coli.</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Organic extracts from 243 isolates were effective in causing more than 40% Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell death after 120 min. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Micromonspora, Pseudonocardia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Streptomyces spp. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">metabolic extracts caused the highest percentage of EAC cell death that averaged 70.58, 63.3 and 61.5 %, respectively. Actinomycetes isolated from WHS Heritage Site of Saint Katherine are suggested to be a potential source of bioactive metabolites. In conclusion, desert actinomycetes represent a promising source for antimicrobial and antitumor bioactive agents. More attention should be paid to desert soils as unique habitat for actinomycetes, though further scientific evidence needs to be produced to verify the importance of these actinomycetes and their metabolites. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3774_bf43d3d256ed98bfd3301200a848942f.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Purification and Characterization of New Alkaline L-methioninase from Aspergillus ustus AUMC 1051 Grown under Solid-State Fermentation Conditions.785798377510.21608/ejbo.2016.3775ENJournal Article20160530 A<span style="font-size: xx-small;">LKALINE L-methioninase (E.C.4.4.1.11) from </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">……. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">ustus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">AUMC 1051 was obtained in a good yield amounting to 1321 Uml</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(99.56 Ug</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">bran) under solid state fermentation (SSF) of wheat bran. The enzyme was purified 15.83-fold with 62.63% yield after three steps of purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 46 kDa under denaturating conditions and an isoelectric point of 6. Maximal activity was recorded at pH 8.5 and 35</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">o</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">C. Good stability of the purified enzyme was detected over wide pH values ranging from 8 to 10 and temperature up to 50</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">o</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">C. The enzyme retained its full activity after 6 days of storage at 4</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">o</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">C. Four weeks was found the T</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1/2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">of its activity. V</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">max </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and K</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">m, </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">of the purified enzyme were found to be 820 Uml</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">-1 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and 1.6 mM, respectively. Alkaline L-methioninase activity was stimulated by Na</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">+ </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and Co</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">+2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and strongly inhibited by Hydroxylamine, iodoacetate, Hg</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">+2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and Cu</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">+2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">. The enzyme was proved to be glycoprotein containing -SH group in its catalytic site. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3775_01adad0d205a878f5d89d0302771a032.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Production of Extracellular Anti-leukemic Enzyme L-asparaginase from Fusarium solani AUMC 8615 Grown under Solid-State Fermentation conditions: Purification and Characterization of The Free and Immobilized Enzyme799816377610.21608/ejbo.2016.3776ENJournal Article20160517POTENTIALITIES of twenty four fungal isolates were investigated for their ability to produce L-asparaginase using modified Czape<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;" lang="JA">k’s Dox medium</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Fusarium solani </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">AUMC 8615 was selected as the most potent fungal strain for the enzyme production under solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro-industrial residues. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production followed by rice bran and corn cob. The optimum conditions for maximum production of L-asparaginase under SSF occurred on the fifth day of incubation at 30°C, pH 8.0, 60% of initial moisture content and supplementation with 0.2% (w/v) glucose and 0.5% (w/v) ammonium sulphate. L-asparaginase was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography giving 299.58 purification fold. SDS-PAGE showed that the purified enzyme consists of two subunits of molecular weights 70 and 80 kDa, respectively. The enzyme was efficiently immobilized by covalent binding with activated charcoal giving an immobilization yield of 80.40%. Optimum pH values were 9.0 and 8.0 for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. While, Optimum reaction temperatures were 37°C and 45°C for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. After incubation for 2 hr at 37°C, the relative activity of free enzyme decreases to 35% whereas for the immobilized enzyme decreased only to 57% at 45°C.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3776_710df28b5be97f8a55fe777b496da5ae.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Bacterial Detoxification of Copper and Its Impacts on Germination Indices of Barley and Mung Bean817835377710.21608/ejbo.2016.3777ENJournal Article20160609 O<span style="font-size: xx-small;">N ACCOUNT of incessant human activities, copper is ……...accumulated in the environment at elevated concentrations that induce harmful influences on all kinds of living organisms. An oxic bioreactor was employed to transform copper ions into copper particles using volatile metabolites of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Escherichia coli </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">culture. SEM and EDX analysis of the transformed copper showed the formation of elongated particles with 1-5 μm in length comprising of copper, sulfur, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen elements. Mung bean seeds and barley grains exposed to ionic copper demonstrated low germination and apparent decline of seedlings growth parameters while higher germination and growth rates were recorded with those treated with copper particles. At the same time, an enhanced POD activity was noticed with all Cu treatments, CAT activity seemed to be induced in response to ionic Cu only meanwhile APX activity was markedly affected with both types of Cu. Furthermore, seedlings subjected to Cu particles showed higher protein contents. Toxicity reduction of copper treated with </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">E. coli </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">volatiles was ascribed to the decrease of the mobile copper concentration as a result of interaction with vaporized chelators that reduce bioavailability of copper. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3777_9b013b89089e6ddb00ead3482b0b5432.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of some Plant Extracts Against Causing Agents of Water-Related Fungal Keratitis837861377810.21608/ejbo.2016.3778ENJournal Article20160627 H<span style="font-size: xx-small;">IGH levels of pollutants in the River Nile water caused severe alteration in the pollutant indicators such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate; in addition to the concentration of some heavy metals (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">e.g. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">lead, mercury and cadmium) which made water unsuitable for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life. Microbiological results indicated that Rosetta branch had subjected to sewage pollution with the common occurrence of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Candida pelliculosa, Candida tropicalis, Trichosporon mucoides </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergiulls niger. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The infectious mycotic keratitis among patients of the surrounding residential area was closely related to the identified yeasts and filamentous fungal isolates from water samples. Methanolic leaf extract of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Melaleuca alternifolia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tree showed a significant inhibition for the most common yeast and filamentous fungal causative agents, especially against </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Candida pelliculosa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Trichosporon mucoides</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, confirmed with ultra-structural cellular distortions, that were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also recorded. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Melaleuca alternifolia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">leaf extract was analyzed by Fourier transformation Infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography / mass spectrum (GC/MS). </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3778_890ee09003e50f0d636e50c6d845c190.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Protective Role of the Seaweed Halimeda opuntia Extract on Cadmium-Stressed Eruca sativa (Mill.)863881377910.21608/ejbo.2016.3779ENJournal Article20160627 S<span style="font-size: xx-small;">EEDS of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">E. sativa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">were primed with aqueous extract of the …….chlorophyte </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Halimeda opuntia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">or with distilled water for 3 h and sown in clay sandy soil (2:1 w/w). Plants were irrigated with tap water for 14 days, then with 20 mM CdCl</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">solution or tap water for 21 days. Cadmium stress caused a significant reduction in water content, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and caused oxidative damage, as characterized by increasing malondialdehyde content, proline and phenolic compounds. However, presoaking in </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">H. opuntia </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">extract enhanced the previous parameters in case of control plants. Additionally, the interactive combination of cadmium stress and algal extract showed a significant amendment of cadmium stress on water content, photosynthetic pigments, sugars and protein contents and relatively declined proline, phenolic compounds and MDA. SDS-PAGE of leaf proteins showed alternation in protein profile in treated plants represented in appearance and disappearance of specific bands. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_3779_19356e809dcbe4cefc19c25e2784fb43.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Keratinophilic and Thermophilic Fungi from Animal Manures and Floor Dust in the Vicinity of Ayatt, Giza, Egypt.883893402210.21608/ejbo.2016.4022ENJournal Article20160627FORTY SEVEN samples of animal manures and thirty eight......<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">samples of floor dust were randomly collected from the vicinity ofAyatt City during September<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">– </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">November 2013. Keratinophilic andthermophilic fungi were isolated. A total of 26 sp belonging to 15genera and 23 sp belonging to 17 genera of keratinophilic andthermophilic fungi were identified, respectively. Out of 76 encountersof animal manures<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Thamnostylum piriforme </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">was the most frequent(10.52 %) followed by<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillus brasiliensis </span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">= </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Chrysosporiumkeratinophilum<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(7.89%) each. 78 encounters were isolated from floordust. The most frequent was<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Arachniotus dankaliensis </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(10.25%)followed by</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"> <em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Candida albicans </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(7.69%). 76 isolates of thermophilicfungi were isolated from animal manure.<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillus fumigatus </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">is themost frequent (9.21%) followed by<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillus flavus </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">var. </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">columnaris(7.89%). 75 isolates were identified from floor dust. Again,<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillusfumigatus<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">is the most frequent (9.33%). </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Aspergillus brasiliensis </span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">= </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">A.carneus</span></span></em></span></span></em></span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">= </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">A. flavus </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">var. </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">columnaris </span></span></em><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">= </span></span></strong><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Rasamsonia byssochlamydoides=<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Chrysosporium zonatum </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(6.66%) each comes second. The clinicalimportance of certain fungi was discussed.</span></span></span></span></em>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_4022_249779e41227a8173d971823e0c3ca8b.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Medicagotruncatula to Drought Stress895912402310.21608/ejbo.2016.4023ENJournal Article20160627 I<span style="font-size: xx-small;">t is frequently observed that drought stress decreased plant growth decreased plant growth and induced cellular damages. However, the damages. However, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not well understood. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Medicagotruncatula</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">wassubjected to drought stress by water withdrawing at mature stage and for one week. Drought stress reduced plant growth, inhibited photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and induced oxidative stress. Water stress induced changes </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">e</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">g</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">. it increased osmo-protectants (proline, glycine betaine), and the level of oxidative stress parameters (H</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">O</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and lipid peroxidation). In parallel with higher levels of H</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">O</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and MDA, there were increase in NADPH oxidase and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities in </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Medicagotruncatula</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">. Presumably as a consequence of the induction of H</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">O</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">production, activation in some antioxidant defense components was observed (e.g. increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), peroxidase (POX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Other antioxidant component were also significantly increased by drought stress. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_4023_ba1f754be0f13fafc6b4453a582e65b8.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Characterization and Antimicrobial Effect of Moringa Oleifera and Moringa Peregrina Essential oils Against Some Pathogenic bacteria913924402410.21608/ejbo.2016.4024ENJournal Article20160728 T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">HE CHEMICAL composition and antimicrobial activity of two …. essential oils extracted from the seeds of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa oleifera </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(MO) and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Moringa peregrina </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(MP) against </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">klebsiella pneumoniae</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Salmonella typhi</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Escherichia coli </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Shigella flexneri </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">strains were investigated. Antibacterial diffusion method was used, GC-MS analysis was done to the most effective oil and TEM was done to detect the internal effect on the highly affected bacteria. MO essential oil was the most effective and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Ps. aeruginosa </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">was the highly affected bacterial strain. GC-MS analysis showed that MO essential oil contains several fatty acids especially oleic acid, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">6-Octadecenoic acid </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(11.27%). This acid could rupture the cell membrane of the bacteria and release all internal content as detected by TEM. In conclusion, MO essential oil may be further developed as a natural promising antibacterial agent. Future studies of synergism and compatibility may potentiate the antimicrobial activity. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_4024_34c73d4a351413fe04db3b1e0b9304a0.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Effectiveness of the Isolated Rhizobacteria From the Fields on Growth Promotion and Antioxidant Capacity of Maize Plant925943402510.21608/ejbo.2016.4025ENJournal Article20160801 T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">HE REPLACEMENT of chemical fertilizers by rhizobacteria ……..(PGPR) for promoting maize plant growth and productivity was in the aim of the present study. In the current study, rhizobacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Trifolium alexandrina </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">L. and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Trifolium aestevum </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">L. plants cultivated in Nubaria, Egypt., The isolated bacteria were purified and were then identified as </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus subtilis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">P. pseudoalcaligenes</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Kocuria marina, Bacillus cereus</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Kocuria rhizophila</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacilus subtilis </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">subsp</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. qingdao</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonas putida</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus licheniformis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus thuringiensis</span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus subtilis </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">subsp</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">. Spizizenii. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The rhizobacterial strains were then applied at 6 different combinations, for evaluation of their effects on maize seedling growth. All bacterial combinations increased the total fresh weight of the plant shoot while only combinations 1, 3, 4 and 6 increased that of root. The results obtained showed that combination 6 was the best followed by combination 4 in inducing the extension growth and weight of shoots and roots of maize seedlings (14-day-old). Both combinations included two </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Bacillus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">spp. two </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Pseudomonus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">spp. and one </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Kocuria </span></span></em><span style="font-size: xx-small;">sp. The photosynthetic pigment efficiency showed remarkable increases by four bacterial combinations (1, 3, 4 and 6). The protein to carbohydrate ratio showed appreciable increases by those bacterial combinations. Proline content in maize shoot increased by 5 bacterial combinations (1, 3, 4, 5, and 6) with a maximum increase by combination 6. The shoot antioxidant capacity increased by treatment 3 but that of root was induced by all the bacterial combinations. Protein profiles indicated marked a variation in the number of the newly formed bands, in response to the applied bacterial combinations. </span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_4025_f26093884c37fdd06c2cceb6b0389973.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)Egyptian Journal of Botany0375-923756320160930Growth Responses of the Medicinal Shrub Calotropis procera Ait. R. Br. to Magnetic Water945976402610.21608/ejbo.2016.4026ENJournal Article20160821IN THE PRESENT study we aimed to evaluate the effect of using magnetic water in irrigation of the wide spread medicinal and economic plant;<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">Calotropis procera</span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">, throughout the cultivation of the target species in open protected area under the prevailing external climatic conditions of Taif, KSA. Periodic readings of the growth parameters in the seedling, juvenile, mature and flowering growth stages was carried out using magnetic and nonmagnetic water. Measurements of the chemical coposition (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber and ash), phytohormones (GA</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and IAA), plant pigments (Chlorophyll a, and b, xanthophylls and carotene), and some enzyme activities of the target species (amylase, peroxidase and protease) were carried out by the end of the greenhouse experiment. The effect of magnetic water treatment to </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">demonstrated significant stimulating effects on the growth criteria of treated plants as compared to control plants. The root-shoot (R:S) ratio for all treated </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">plants either by magnetic or nonmagnetic water, in almost all growth stages except the seedling stage, was almost lower than one. Considering </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">plants irrigated with either magnetic or nonmagnetic water during the juvenile growth stage, the allocation of leaves was the highest among the other plant organs recording maximum values amounting to 51.41, 62.74, 63.64 and 33.12% for control, T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(treatment 1), T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(treatment 2) and T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">3 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">(treatment3) plant samples; respectively. Comparing values of water contents of different plants showed general increase in the following order: leaves> flowers> stem> root. The number of leaves in the flowering growth stage recorded 14.66, 22.34, 28.37 and 29.98 in </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">plants referred control, T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">, T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">and T</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">; respectively. The relative growth rates (RGRs) of </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">control plants is generally higher than that of </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">irrigated plants with magnetic water especially in the case of the first and third growth stages. In most cases, magnetic water increased all element and metal contents of </span></span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">C. procera </span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">leaves as compared to those irrigated by nonmagnetic water, except for iron and calcium. The magnetic water stimulated the production of phytohormones and photosynthetic pigments as compared to the control. In addition, the current study proved that magnetic water increased the enzyme activity of amylase and decreased that of protease and Peroxidase.</span></span>https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_4026_f9be698dc9f9368af117e61c5fbd80e6.pdf