Rashed, M., El-Senousy, W., Sayed, E., Alkhazindar, M. (2023). Chlorine Inactivation of PhiX174 Bacteriophage in Treated Sewage and Drinking Water Samples. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(1), 281-293. doi: 10.21608/ejbo.2022.148636.2030
Mohammed K. Rashed; Waleed M. El-Senousy; ElSayed T.A. Sayed; Maha Alkhazindar. "Chlorine Inactivation of PhiX174 Bacteriophage in Treated Sewage and Drinking Water Samples". Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63, 1, 2023, 281-293. doi: 10.21608/ejbo.2022.148636.2030
Rashed, M., El-Senousy, W., Sayed, E., Alkhazindar, M. (2023). 'Chlorine Inactivation of PhiX174 Bacteriophage in Treated Sewage and Drinking Water Samples', Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(1), pp. 281-293. doi: 10.21608/ejbo.2022.148636.2030
Rashed, M., El-Senousy, W., Sayed, E., Alkhazindar, M. Chlorine Inactivation of PhiX174 Bacteriophage in Treated Sewage and Drinking Water Samples. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 2023; 63(1): 281-293. doi: 10.21608/ejbo.2022.148636.2030
Chlorine Inactivation of PhiX174 Bacteriophage in Treated Sewage and Drinking Water Samples
1Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute and Food-borne Viruses Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), PO 12622, Giza, Egypt
2Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abstract
Chlorine is the most frequently used disinfectant in water and wastewater treatment plants all over the world wide. This study investigated the effect of chlorine on phiX174 bacteriophages in treated sewage and drinking water samples which were inoculated separately with phiX174 either with or without autoclaving process. Then the samples were treated with different doses of chlorine solution for 15 and 30 min. Our results showed that the phiX174 bacteriophage was more efficiently reduced in the autoclaved samples than in the non-autoclaved samples. In the non-autoclaved treated sewage samples, treatment with 7 mg/l a of chlorine for 30 min was sufficient to remove 0.3 ± 0.07 log10, while treatment with 12 mg/l of chlorine for 15 min efficiently remove 0.27 ± 0.05 log10 of the initial phiX174 doses. Furthermore, we observed higher viral reduction in the autoclaved treated sewage samples after treatment with 11 mg/l of chlorine for 15 min which removed 1 ± 0.1 log10 of the phiX174 initial dose. However, when non-autoclaved and autoclaved drinking water samples were treated with 3 mg/l chlorine for 15 min, it efficiently removed 1.2 ± 0.07 log10 and1.4 ± 0.17 log10 of phiX174, respectively. This reduction increased to 1.4 ± 0.08 log10 and 2.3 ± 0.21 log10, respectively, from the initial phiX174 dose when the contact time was increased to 30 min. However, phiX174 bacteriophage virus showed high resistance to different doses of chlorine in drinking water and treated sewage water samples.
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